Is Western Sahara A Country?

Western Sahara, a sparsely populated region in North Africa, remains one of the world’s most protracted territorial disputes. Stretching along the Atlantic coast between Morocco and Mauritania, this region is rich in phosphate reserves and has significant fishing waters, making it strategically and economically important.

Historical Background

Formerly a Spanish colony, Western Sahara was claimed by both Morocco and Mauritania after Spain withdrew in 1975. Following a brief conflict, Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, leaving Morocco to assert control over most of the territory. However, the indigenous Sahrawi people, represented by the Polisario Front, demand independence and established the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), which is recognized by several nations and the African Union.

Current Governance and Conflict

Morocco administers about 80% of Western Sahara, including its major cities and natural resources, while the Polisario Front controls the remaining areas, primarily desert territories. A United Nations-brokered ceasefire in 1991 ended active hostilities, but plans for a referendum on the region’s future status have stalled due to disagreements over voter eligibility and terms.

International Perspectives

The international community remains divided on Western Sahara’s status. While Morocco has gained support for its proposal of autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty, the Polisario Front insists on a referendum that includes the option for independence. In recent years, the U.S. recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, further complicating the dispute. The United Nations continues to advocate for a negotiated solution but progress has been slow.

The unresolved conflict has left tens of thousands of Sahrawis living in refugee camps in Algeria, reliant on international aid. Allegations of human rights abuses, resource exploitation, and limitations on freedom of expression in the region contribute to ongoing tensions.